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1. Which of the following sources cannot be classified as the primary sources?
2. Which of the following sources cannot be classified as the secondary sources?
3. Which of the following sources cannot be classified as the tertiary sources?
4. The principles of data collection and selection do not include ______.
5. In the process of database information retrieval, the following elements of information should be guaranteed except for ______.
6. Operators (modifiers) such as AND, NOT, and OR are ______ operators.
7. The symbol “?” is mainly used as a ______ operator.
8. To improve your search results, which of the following strategies cannot be used to create a list of key words?
9. Which of the following strategies cannot be used to broaden your search results?
10. Which of the following methods cannot improve the quality of your search result?
1. Tertiary sources refer to an index and/or textual condensation of primary and secondary sources.
2. SCI covers all disciplines of science, providing indexing and abstracts of journal articles in the world’s most important scientific journals.
3. CNKI has built the most comprehensive system of China academic knowledge resources — China Integrated Knowledge Resources Database.
4. A domain name is a human-readable, alphanumeric label used to identify and locate resources on the internet.
5. The suffix of a domain name is often an indicator of the type of information you will find there.
6. The materials located by using the electronic periodical index & database are of academic level while those obtained through Internet search engines have not gone through a peer-review.
7. The web sites retrieved in one engine may differ dramatically from those retrieved in another.
8. Advanced searches may return many results, while simple searches will narrow the search without enough information.
9. When you search for articles, the more specific information you enter into the search fields, the more accurate your search will be.
10. The search with operator AND will normally retrieve fewer results than if you search for one of the terms on its own. The more terms you enter, the narrower your search becomes.
11. The Boolean operator OR expands your search. The more terms you enter, the more documents you will retrieve.
12. Operator NOT is generally used to narrow the search result, and it can improve the accuracy of the search result, so we should use it as often as possible.
13. A wildcard is a symbol used to replace or represent one or more characters.
14. The NEAR proximity operator is used when you want to find the occurrence of search terms close to a specified number of words, in a particular order.
1. Primary Sources are first-hand accounts of research or an event including original scholarly research results, raw data, testimony, speeches, (history) objects or other evidence that provides unique and original information about a person or an event.
2. The secondary sources are (interpret) and evaluations of primary sources. They are not evidence, but rather commentary on and discussion of evidence.
3. The Tertiary sources are an index and/or textual (condense) of primary and secondary sources. Depending on the topic of research, a scholar may use a bibliography, dictionary, or encyclopedia as a tertiary source.
4. Two main approaches are matching words in the query against the database index (keyword searching) and (travel) the database using hypertext or hypermedia links.
5. Domain names help users navigate the web by translating human-friendly names into (number) IP addresses that computers use to find and communicate with each other on the internet.
6. The Boolean search is a type of search allowing to combine key words with operators such as AND, NOT, and OR to further produce more (relate) results.
7. A Wildcard is a symbol (such as? or *) used in a keyword database search to represent the presence of zero, one, or more than one (specific) character.
8. Truncation, also called stemming, is a technique that (broad) your search to include various word endings and spellings.
9. Proximity (operate) are shorthand notations used during a search that usually has a number to indicate how close search terms should appear.
10. The operators WITH and NEAR are used to restrict the location of multiple searching items. Numbers are used beside the proximity operators to show how many other words are allowed between the searching items.
1. Which of the following factors cannot be used as the key attributes for a good research question of a research papers?
2. Which of the following is irrelevant to the quality of a research paper?
3. Which of the following is irrelevant to the writing skills of a research paper?
4. Compared with other styles of writing, which of the following is not unique to the writing skills of a research paper?
5. Compared with other forms of academic or professional writing, which of the following does not belong to common characteristics of research papers?
6. Most research proposals will contain the following elements except ______
7. Which of the following elements is not indispensable in a research proposal?
8. The functions of the title in a research paper do not necessarily include ______.
9. The broad categories of titles in research papers do not include ______ titles.
10. From the construct point of view, titles in research papers cannot be classified as ______ titles.
11. In research papers, compound titles have a subtitle, which is not used to ______.
12. Which of the following structures does the title of a research paper not follow?
13. Which of the following phrases is not redundant in the title of a research paper?
14. Before a countable noun in plural form or uncountable noun in the title of a research paper, which of the following articles should be used?
15. APA Style uses two types of capitalization for titles of works (such as paper titles) and headings within works: ______ case and sentence case.
16. In the title of a research paper, capital letters take the following forms except for ______.
1. A research paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.
2. The main difference between academic articles and research articles is that research articles aim to provide new knowledge, while academic articles aim to spread already known and accepted knowledge.
3. A vital step in research is to form a hypothesis based on thoughtful analysis of previous researches and their limitations, or problems and a possible solution.
4. A research paper synthesizes your discoveries about a research project and your judgment, interpretation, and evaluation of the discoveries.
5. A research proposal should convince others that you have a worthwhile research project and that you have the competence and the work-plan to complete it.
6. Titles in noun phrases including gerunds are conventional and widely used in scientific research papers.
7. When the title of a research paper consists of two parts, the relation between the two parts is the broad research field → specific study case.
8. In the title of a research paper, the phrases such as “A study of”, “Investigation on”, “Research on” are redundant and are omitted.
9. Articles “a”, “an” and “the” are usually redundant grammatically and semantically in the titles of research papers and are omitted.
10. It is prescribed by GB7713-87 that a title of a Chinese research paper should be no more than 20 words, while an English one within 12 words or 100 writing symbols.
11. A research paper requires its author to strictly adopt the correct academic style, which contains many elements from text structure to sentence pattern and word choice.
1. A research paper is an academic record of new results of an experimental, theoretical or (observe) scientific research or innovative insights and knowledge on a certain academic subject.
2. It is important to know which type of research paper is required for your (assign), as each type of research paper requires different preparation.
3. The argumentative paper presents two sides of a (controverse) issue in one paper. It is aimed at getting the reader on the side of your point of view.
4. An (academy) dissertation is a research paper on a course-related subject for a university degree.
5. A (science) thesis is written based on a student’s own research for graduation or academic degree.
6. A review is an (examine) and discussion of a range of information relevant to a particular subject.
7. A communication is an important information (change) in a relevant journal or website.
8. A rapid report is a new (occur) reported in the medium of a relevant scientific field.
9. An empirical research paper is based on the (datum) collected from experiments or experience.
10. A (theory) research paper refers to a paper on research concerned with the ideas on which a particular subject is based.
11. A paper of (text) research refers to a paper on research of a topic concluded from data of literature
12. A paper of technical (competent) refers to a paper on research of practical technology problems or application
13. An (inform) research paper reports new information on a certain topic. Data on this type of study may also be used to prove or disprove an existing concept, so that it should offer readers sufficient information on the topic.
14. An (analysis)research paper is essentially a sub-type of an informative research paper, in which the author must be able to conduct factual analysis of the data to evaluate his research materials in an unbiased manner.
15. A (persuade) research paper allows the writer to have an opportunity to convince or influence his targeted readers. It usually leaves no chances for readers to ask further questions.
16. The five-part structure of research papers (Introduction, Method, Results and Discussion plus Abstract) serves as the (concept) basis for the content.
1. In a research paper, which of the following purposes a well-written abstract does not serve?
2. An abstract is structured in an IMRC format. Generally, in an abstract “Conclusion” refers to both ________ and Conclusion.
3. Which of the following descriptions of the abstract in a research paper is not right?
4. The abstract in a research paper should not ______.
5. When writing an abstract, you should never refer to the ______ tense, as the research is already complete.
6. Present and present perfect are used in the following sections except for ______ since previous research work is regarded valuable or available and new findings are generally true.
7. In writing the “Introduction” of an abstract, ________tense should be used.
8. In writing the parts of “Materials & methods” and “Results” in an abstract, ________tense should be used.
9. Which of the following tips cannot keep your abstract short and clear?
10. Which of the following statements about the length of an Abstract is not correct?
11. An APA abstract is a comprehensive summary of your paper in which you briefly address the research problem, hypotheses, methods, and implications of your research. It’s usually no longer than ______ words.
12. Which of the following elements can be written in an abstract of a research paper?
13. What important element does the sentence “Soil K depletion was greater for hybrid rice than for inbred rice.” express in the Results section of an abstract?
14. Which of the following verbs cannot be used as “discourse marker” to indicate “discussion” in an abstract of an academic paper?
15. Which of the following statements about the formal language in a research paper is not correct?
16. Which of the following statements about the key words in an Abstract is not correct?
1. The proportion of your abstract will vary, depending on the nature and genre of the paper that you are summarizing in your abstract.
2. Your abstract should be intelligible on its own, without a reader’s having to read your entire paper.
3. Most of your abstract will describe what you have studied in your research and what you have found and what you argue in your paper.
4. It’s a good idea to wait to write your abstract until after you’ve drafted your full paper, so that you know what you’re summarizing.
5. Your brief mention of the important limitations to your research allows readers to accurately assess the credibility and generalizability of your research.
6. After briefly introducing general background about research, we should identify particular problems so the purpose of the research is clearly introduced in the first part of an abstract.
7. To keep your abstract short and clear, you should avoid passive sentences because they are often unnecessarily long.
8. when writing the “Hypothesis” for target research which was not verified, we use subjunctive mood.
9. it is a rule to indicate an acronym in bracket in research papers when it is first presented (even in abstract) and will be used frequently.
10. In abstracts, the discourse markers such as “indicated”, “revealed” and “suggest” indicate that “I am going to tell you the results in the following part”.
11. In an abstract, the first person can be applied but frequent use will produce boring or awful effect although in some discipline it is always used.
12. An abstract is always written after the paper is finished, so that that main points are easily identified and ranked according to their importance. This is also true for key words selection.
1. This paper (explore)backpacker interest in volunteer tourism and identifies overlaps in motivations between the two forms of tourism.
2. The purpose of this paper is to (analysis) the possible causes of the spatial differences.
3. In the present study, we carried out a shading experiment to (investigation) the effect of variable light availability...
4. 249 self-administered (question) were collected from backpackers within backpacker hostels in central Melbourne, Australia.
5. Tree stability (evaluate) by measuring trunk resistance to a lateral deflecting force applied with a rope winch system under both ambient and near-saturated soil conditions.
6. Although heavily irrigating the experimental soils had no effect on tree stability, species-specific responses to soil mixes (observe).
7. I (develop) and used three crossword puzzles in the spring and fall semesters of 2009 during my Introductory Soil Science Laboratory at Colorado State University.
8. Treatments (include) unfertilized control (CK) and three different fertilizer treatments (NP, NK, and NPK).
9. We (use) a spatially structured population model to analyze the impacts of three factors—(i) hunting, (ii) food shortage, and (iii) natural predation.
10. The paper considers the conditions of spatial and community change in realizing urban regeneration as a collaborative action (examine) the case study: Matra-Regeneration of the Istanbul Metropolitan Area, (Matra REGIMA) ...
11. Structural equation modeling revealed that greater environmental concern was related to higher levels of (agree) and Openness...
12. Population changes were best explained by (legal) hunting but model fit improved with the addition of predation mortality and the effect of food supply in areas where hunting was least...
13. The findings of this study suggest that a (motivate) overlap exists between backpacker and volunteer tourists…
14. Underline the discourse (mark) to indicate “discussion” in abstracts in the following sentences, paying attention to the tenses. Then try to summarize their structure.
1. Which of the following description of Introduction is unacceptable?
2. Definitions used in Introduction can be written in the following ways except for ______.
3. Which of the following things the C.A.R.S. Model cannot help you to accomplish?
4. Which of the following writing actions can’t be taken to establish a territory of research?
5. To achieve “Establishing a Niche”, which of the following steps can’t be taken?
6. In the Introduction section, the sentence pattern “Few studies/ researchers/attempts...” is used to ________.
7. The following logical connecting terminologies except for ______ can be used to signal “Continuing a tradition”.
8. To achieve “Occupying the Niche”, which of the following steps can’t be taken?
9. To write a good Introduction, which of the following should not be avoided?
10. Which of the following questions’ answer cannot be found in the Introduction to a research paper?
11. A well-organized Introduction presents a shape of ______, the top presenting the general view and the rest narrowing down to the specific research problem.
12. Which of the followings is not goals of creating a Literature Review?
13. The roles and purposes of citations include all of the followings except for ______.
14. In citations, the verb tense “simple past” is used when referring to ______.
15. To paraphrase a sentence, the following methods except for ______can be utilized.
16. ______ tense is rarely used in the introduction to a research paper.
17. To make your references valid and available, what cannot be cited from the following sources?
18. Which of the following three statements is (are) more valid and convincing? A. Urbanization is transforming and fragmenting forestland…services. B.Urbanization is transforming and fragmenting forestland…services (Germain et al. 2007). C.Urbanization is transforming and fragmenting forestland…services (Germain et al. 2007, Munsell and Germain 2007, McDonald 2008).
19. Which of the following statements express the exact purpose of the research differently?
20. The sentence pattern “The aim/purpose/of this paper/investigation is to give...” is used in the introduction to a research paper to ______.
21. In a research paper, which of the following ways cannot indicate old information?
1. In a paper the functions of Introduction are to arouse a reader’s interest and offer enough information to prepare readers to understand the paper and evaluate the findings of the study.
2. In Introduction, I must provide all background information whether directly or indirectly related to the current research.
3. The CARS model can be used to break down the essential elements of a paper’s introduction, particularly if the research problem you are investigating is complex and multi-layered.
4. Swales showed that establishing a research niche is often signaled by specific terminology that expresses a contrasting viewpoint, a critical evaluation of gaps in the literature, etc.
5. The subject area of interest can be clearly identified in the first few sentences in the introduction to a paper.
6. Literature review provides the research background, shows what has been done in the current research field, and what gaps exist in the knowledge.
7. It is important to cite sources in Introduction as evidence of the claims you are making.
8. Failing to properly cite your sources counts as plagiarism, since you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.
9. Reference sources are usually ordered according to their publication date.
10. APA style, MLA style and Chicago style follow the same rule.
11. When writing the Introduction section, we can use simple present tense, present perfect tense and simple past tense.
12. To improve the coherence of your paragraphs, follow the “old-to-new” sequence: except for your paragraphs’ topic sentences, try to begin each sentence with “old information”.
1. The (introduce) explains a research paper’s main topic and prepares the reader for the rest of the paper.
2. When establishing a territory of research, it is obligatory to show where prior research has been (adequate) in addressing the research problem.
3. When establish a niche, you’d better utilize a neutral, contrastive statement that expresses a new perspective without giving the appearance of trying to diminish the (valid) of other people’s research.
4. The literature review must be defined by a (guide) concept (e.g., your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your argumentative thesis).
5. The purpose of (narrate) review is to describe the current state of the research on specific topic/research and to offer a critical analysis of the literature reviewed.
6. The authors of a (system) review use a specific procedure to search the research literature, select the studies to include in their review, and critically evaluate the studies they find.
7. Write key words in the first few sentences of the introduction to a paper to make them (notice).
8. The citation model of “previous research findings + (researchers + publication year)” is (inform) prominent.
9. The citation model of “researcher + (publication year) + previous research findings” is (authority) prominent.
10. Giuseppe Airoldi (create) the first crossword puzzle on 14 Sept. 1890 while Arthur Wynne published the first “modern” puzzle on 21 Dec.
11. Some of the (discipline) that have employed crossword puzzles include information systems (Gomez and Scher, 2005)
12. Gomez and Scher (2005) (indication) that logical thinking and correct spelling are integral in solving crossword puzzles.
13. Davis (1997) (employ) a Chutes and Ladders approach in teaching nitrogen transformations to cooperative extension audiences.
14. In an attempt to develop more active and collaborative learning, I used crossword puzzles as group activities in place of (tradition) short-answer questions.
15. The two hypotheses regarding the use of crossword puzzles as graded, group exercises were (formulate) as follows: Hypothesis 1…Hypothesis 2….
16. They only focused on the response of plants to (space) changes in light availability and not temporal variability in the environmental constraints on plants.
17. A number of studies have indicated that changes in the (available) of light may result in variation in growth-related traits.
18. We carried out an experiment to (exploration) whether drifting alkaloids can be extracted from Fritillaria cirrhosa by supercritical CO2 fluid technology.
19. Such observations led us to (hypothesis) that dark skin evolved to protect the body’s folate stores from destruction.
20. The aim of this study is to sum up the experience of (art) mechanical aortic valve replacement in adults.
21. Although testing theories have advanced over the last few decades, MC has been inherited thereafter as a (value) testing technique.
22. It is a bare fact that MC is an (dispense) part of many authoritative English tests, such as CET, WSK, TOEFL, and GRE.
23. This paper, hoping to draw some attention to the design of MC, brings forth two (fundament) principles in the design of vocabulary MC options.
1. Regardless of what you did for your research, though, the Materials and Methods section needs to be only focused on the research and should not be very ______.
2. Sufficient detail must be provided in the Materials and Methods section to allow any competent investigator to ________ the experiments with an equal likelihood of obtaining similar results.
3. The methods section of a research paper typically constitutes materials and methods. The materials category does not include ______.
4. The methods section of a research paper typically constitutes materials and methods. The methods category does not describe ______.
5. In the Materials and Methods section, the subhead “________” offers a description of the factors or traits that are changing in the experiment.
6. Which of the following statements correctly describes the specific information in the expression “Observations were conducted at X hospital…”?
7. Which of the following information should not be included in the description of the study site when doing a field study?
8. Data analysis is the systematic process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data not to ______.
9. The Purpose of ______ is to draw conclusions or makes predictions about a population based on sample data.
10. Descriptive statistics does not use the measure of ______to summarize data.
11. When identifying a person’s marital status, we are collection ______ data.
12. In qualitative research, the commonly used methods do not include ______ analysis.
13. In terms of linguistic features, method sections commonly contain verbs in the ______ tense because data collection and analysis are typically completed by the time researchers start working on their manuscript.
14. In academic paper writing, single verbs are usually more ________ than verbal phrases.
1. The purpose of the Method section is to provide a step-by-step description of how you conducted your empirical research to make it transparent and replicable.
2. Sufficient detail must be provided in Materials and Methods section to allow any competent investigator to reproduce the experiments with an equal likelihood of obtaining similar results.
3. When describing the materials, if necessary, provide enough details about your experimental protocol.
4. Clearly describe your experimental design. Be sure to include the hypotheses you tested, controls, treatments, variables measured, what you actually measured, what form the data took, etc.
5. If you use animals in your experiment, mention relevant ethical considerations and submit your proposed research methods to the IACUC for approval prior to beginning your research.
6. If human subjects are involved in your experiment, the procedures followed must be in accordance with the relevant Institutional Review Board for your specialty.
7. If the use of proprietary products is critical to the study, trade names have to be mentioned and capitalized to distinguish them from generic names.
8. It should be clear from the Methods section how all of the data in the Results section were obtained.
9. All materials and instruments should be identified, including the supplier’s name and location.
10. The outcomes of the study should be defined, and the outcome measures should be objectively validated.
11. Very frequently the experimental design and data collection procedures for an experiment cannot be separated and must be integrated together.
12. Data analysis transforms unorganized data into actionable information, often through visualizations, statistical summaries, or predictive models.
13. Only include graphs or diagrams in the Results section instead of Materials and Methods section.
14. If the authors used a technique from a published study, they should include a citation and a summary of the procedure in the text.
15. When using a method described in another published source, you may report it in exactly the same way it was previously written.
16. Passive voice is often appropriate in method sections to show the emphasis on the procedure itself rather than on the researcher who conducted it.
1. The four areas were approximately 2km by 2km in size and were (character) by varied development patterns.
2. (complete) study materials were received from 585 residents with a response rate of 61%.
3. Data (collect) took place from October 2008 until May 2009, coinciding with what has been estimated as the worst moment of the economic recession (NBER 2008).
4. The survey included 20 questions, the (major) addressing household food procurement, preparation, and consumption.
5. The age range of participants was 18-65, 62% were women, 38% were men, 74% self-(identify) as Hispanic or Latino, and 23% were unemployed.
6. The study area was divided into 10 homogeneous zones (classify) according to the predominant plant formations, plant stratification, topography or recreational use.
7. This research was (conduct) in August 2006 in four neighborhoods designated by municipal planning boundaries within a midsized Canadian municipality.
8. Six trial sites (locate) in the Yellow River Basin were selected in this study.
9. They officially designated the area (as) unsuitable for human (habitat).
10. 109 serum samples were collected from (woman) of childbearing age.
11. 6 ponds were (selection) in the same area, in which 3 ponds were the test group, and the other 3 ponds were the control group.
12. All procedures involving laboratory animal use were in (accord) with the guidelines of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-Sen University.
13. Only patients who have appropriate decision making capacity and legal (power) can sign medical informed consent forms.
14. In 2007, irradiance was (control) at three levels: L1, high-light treatment; L2, medium-light treatment; L3, low-light treatment.
15. Enough mature seeds from one P. torta population were (collect) in the field in Hezuo in September 2006; this population was 2 km from our research station.
16. The plants in each treatment were (divide) into five blocks (10 repetitions per block).
17. First, questionnaires were(distribute) to the students.
18. The algorithm is capable of identifying several different motifs with differing numbers of (occur) in a single dataset.
19. Eighty percent of surgeons would provide preoperative (gene) testing if the patient’s family met the Amsterdam criteria compared to only 67% if the criteria were not met.
20. (irradiate) breast cancer patients should be advised to prevent from smoking to reduce their risk for cardiovascular disease.
1. The ______ section can be considered the nucleus of a scientific article because they justify your claims, so you need to ensure that they are clear and understandable.
2. Depending on the discipline, journal, and the nature of the study, the results, discussion, and even conclusion sections can be organized in the following ways except for ______.
3. In general, the Results section includes the following elements except for ______.
4. According to Swales & Feak (2012:140–141), which of the following functions the Results section in a research paper can’t achieve?
5. Summaries of statistical analyses may not appear in the ______.
6. When writing the results section, we’d better use ______ phrases instead of long nouns to make our language visualizable and reduce sentence length.
7. The Results section includes the following elements except for ________elements.
8. In the Results section, the ______ elements are considered to be a form of meta-discourse.
9. The most logical way to structure quantitative results is to frame them around your research questions or hypotheses. For each question or hypothesis, you should not share ______.
10. To present fewer decimal digits to aid easy understanding, one decimal place is not used in ______.
11. To present fewer decimal digits to aid easy understanding, two decimal place is not used in ______.
12. Which of the following items is not essential in the Results section in an academic paper?
13. About the well-written sentence “Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased soy bean total biomass (P=0.05) regardless of the presence or absence of Rhizobium (Table 1)”, which of the following comments is not reasonable?
14. When reporting data in a text, we should follow the principles listed except for ______.
15. Tick the steps you think useless for writing Results.
1. Depending on the discipline, journal, and the nature of the study, the results, discussion, and even conclusion sections can be organized in varying ways.
2. If the results section and discussion section are written separately, In the results section, writers systematically report their findings, and in discussion, they interpret these findings.
3. The Results section should simply state your findings without bias or interpretation.
4. We should use the simple past tense to describe the experiments that were completed before the paper was written.
5. We should use the present tense to refer to tables, figures, and graphs that we are using to present our results.
6. You need to report your statistical findings, without describing every step of your statistical analysis.
7. Tables and figures generally report summary-level data, rather than all the raw data.
8. You need to present and explain your findings, showing how they help to address the research question(s) and how they align with the objectives.
9. presenting results that are never discussed; presenting results in chronological order rather than logical order; ignoring results that do not support the conclusions.
10. The Results section in an academic paper fully reflects the author’s actual research practice.
11. To summarize results, writers often use visual representations: Tables and figures are commonly included in the results sections to ensure clarity.
12. The Results section should give answers to all the hypotheses on the addressed issue.
13. In an academic paper, the results should be listed according to their importance.
14. Data in scientific papers are generally presented in one of three ways: text, data tables and figures.
15. We should emphasize the main points of the data and never repeat in the text the information contained in tables and figures.
1. Creating a results section involves (system) presenting and describing the outcomes of the study.
2. The function of the Results section is to objectively present your key results in an orderly and logical sequence using both (illustrate) materials and text.
3. The traditional notion is that passive voice lends an (person) tone to the writing which was perceived to be more objective and formal.
4. Using the active voice definitely makes the long sentences less wordy, more (read), and easier to understand.
5. We organize the results section based on the sequence of tables and figures (summarize) the results of our statistical analysis.
6. Although the passive voice may be tempting, the use of the active voice makes the action of writing the results section much more (visual).
7. Always use simple and plain language, not use (certain) or unclear expressions.
8. Avoid using subjective or emotional words, such as “interestingly” or “unfortunately”, to describe the results as this may cause readers to doubt the (object) of the paper.
9. To enhance (credit), ensure that negative results, if any, are included in this section, even if they do not support the research hypothesis.
10. Read the following passage to find out what (device) it has used to present results.
11. When describing trends of directions, we use (datum).
12. The model and (estimate) parameters are presented in Fig. 1.
13. The latent environmental concern factor was (strength) related to each of the three item-based environmental factors.
14. In particular, greater environmental concern was significantly (associate) with higher levels of Agreeableness, Openness, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness.
15. In contrast, no significant (relate) was observed with Extraversion (b ¼ .02).
1. Which of the following sentences fail to suitably state the functions of “Tables and Figures” in the section of Results?
2. Tables are used to display the following information except for ______in a clear and concise manner.
3. Descriptive tables summarize data, such as demographics, sample characteristics, or key variables. They are often used in the ______ section or to provide context for the study.
4. Comparative Tables present data that compare groups, variables, or conditions. These tables often appear in the ______ section and include statistical measures.
5. Which of the following descriptions of the Tables is not correct?
6. Which of the following descriptions of the Tables is not correct?
7. Which of the following descriptions of the use of “Table” is not correct?
8. To create effective tables, the following elements except for ______ should be followed.
9. Which of the following is not a mistake to avoid when creating an effective Table?
10. To correctly format an APA table, follow these rules except for ______.
11. The Figure caption should not be ______.
12. Which of the following fails to suitably describe the purpose of figures in research papers?
13. ______ explains symbols, colors, or patterns used in the Figure.
14. In a research paper, figures are not used to ______.
15. ______ show relationships or correlations between variables.
16. Which of the following tools can be used to create interactive and advanced data visualizations?
17. When creating an effective figure, we should avoid the following common mistakes except for ______.
18. Which of the following questions a Legend does not necessarily answer?
19. Past tense is used to ________.
1. Typically, a table is made up of a caption or title, column titles and a table body (which contains quantitative or qualitative data), it may also include footnotes.
2. Tables are used when illustrating exact numbers rather than trends.
3. Table legends (also called “titles”) are quite different from figure legends. Usually, they consist only of a single phrase or sentence.
4. Tables are read from top to bottom, so titles are placed above the body of the table and are left-aligned.
5. When using numerical data with decimals in table body, try to make the decimal points line up whenever possible.
6. Table gridlines should be invisible and only horizontal lines separating the caption, column titles and footnotes from each other should be left visible.
7. In a table, the first column contains the independent variables by which you are seeking to present and describe the dependent variable(s).
8. In the text of the paper, refer to the table within parentheses and summarize the content without repeating the data.
9. Captions for tables are placed above the table (typically left aligned), and captions for figures are placed below the figure.
10. Whether it’s a graph, chart, image, or diagram, figures help readers quickly interpret and understand the results and key points of a study.
11. Figures should not repeat the information found in the Tables.
12. Figures are read from bottom to up, so captions are placed below the figure and are left-justified.
13. A figure Caption offers enough information for readers to understand the figure without relying on the main text.
14. If the figure uses data from external sources, provide proper attribution in the caption or reference list.
15. Figure legends tend to be longer than table legends.
16. In the legend, you will need to explain each panel that you label and give the reader a brief takeaway of what it shows.
1. Every Table or Figure should be clear, labelled, (abbreviate) defined, and have a caption and legends.
2. Tables and figures are numbered (chronological) in the order in which they appear in the text.
3. Tables and figures should be numbered (separate) in their own system.
4. Reference the author or (author) if the table or figure is from or adapted from someone else’s work.
5. In research papers, a table is a structured (arrange) of data organized into rows and columns.
6. Tables serve as a visual aid that complements the text by summarizing results, presenting comparisons, or organizing information (system).
7. They enhance the clarity and (access) of research findings, allowing readers to quickly grasp key points without wading through dense text.
8. Note the (minimize) use of lines to delineate different components of the table, and use of a serif font rather than a sans serif font to present your data efficiently.
9. In a Table, (number) data containing decimal points should be centered and aligned by decimal point.
10. Figures in research papers refer to graphical or visual (present) of information, data, or concepts.
11. Mention each figure in the main text and explain its (relate).
12. As (show) in Figure 3, the adoption rate of renewable energy increased significantly between 2015 and 2020, particularly in developed countries.”
13. Follow the specific formatting (require) of your journal or citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago).
14. Lack of context is a prevalent issue, where figures or tables are presented without sufficient (context) information, making interpretation challenging.
15. (mislead) scaling is a potential pitfall, with authors manipulating scales to exaggerate or minimize trends.
16. Overemphasis on aesthetics at the expense of clarity and (accurate) is another pitfall to be cautious about.
17. Authors should highlight essential information, using (supplement) materials for additional details while keeping the main visuals concise.
18. Key motivations for backpacker participation in volunteer tourism (Group 2 respondents) are (show) in Table 1.
19. Table 2 (present) the ranking and ratings of backpacker motivations for both respondent groups.
20. Legends provide extra information, different from that in the main body of the Results section, to indicate other necessary (explain).
21. In particular, greater environmental concern was significantly (associate) with higher levels of Agreeableness, Openness, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness.
22. In contrast, no significant (relate) was observed with Extraversion (b ¼ .02).
1. In the IMRaD macro-level structure, the following moves except for ______ appear to be standard concluding moves across all disciplines, including the social sciences and humanities.
2. The main function of Discussion and Conclusion section in a paper is to explain, compare, and _______ the results of your research.
3. While the current research responds to the research deficit or problem identified in the ______ section, in the move “Make Recommendations”, writers may point to a new research gap that future research might or must address.
4. The ________section analyzes the result and the hypothesis, shows your attitude to the present research, makes the conclusion, and proposes suggestions for further research.
5. In the ______ section an author describes, analyzes, and interprets their findings and explain the significance of the results and tie everything back to the research question(s).
6. The Discussion section is the ________ of an academic paper and usually requires several revisions.
7. Which of the following descriptions of the discussion section is incorrect?
8. The following rules except for ______ can be applied to every discussion section to create a framework.
9. When writing the discussion section, an author should be aware of the following pitfalls except for ______.
10. When writing the discussion section, which of the following approaches can not be utilized to interpret the data?
11. Which of the following sentence starters cannot be utilized to summarize the main findings in the discussion section?
12. Which of the following descriptions fail to point out the purposes of a Conclusion?
13. When writing the conclusion section, you should not ______.
14. In an academic paper, the ________section explains whether you solved the problem completely, or how much progress you’ve made in your field because of your work.
15. Which of the following elements is usually required in the Conclusion section in an academic paper?
16. Which element is represented by the statement “Further research is required to provide a greater depth of understanding of backpacker motivations, with respect to both backpacker and volunteer tourism participation.”?
17. The language in the Discussion and Conclusion section should not be ________.
18. Which of the following expressions cannot be used to express “Research scope”?
19. Which of the following expressions cannot be used to express “Implication”?
20. Which of the following expressions can be used to express “Finding review”?
21. Which of the following expressions can be used to express “Disagreement”?
22. Which of the following expressions cannot be used to express “Conclusion”?
1. While “Move 1. Provide Background Information” not obligatory, this move is standard across disciplines, can occur at any point in a cycle of moves, and often initiates a new cycle.
2. As there is usually more than one result, discussion sections are often structured into a series of discussion cycles.
3. When offering explanations and suggesting implications of the findings, the language used is very tentative or cautious.
4. A conclusion summarizes parts of the paper. A discussion, however, is a much more thorough and rigorous examination of the results.
5. The difference between a discussion section and a results section is the results section should present your results, and the discussion section should subjectively evaluate them.
6. You can organize your discussion around key themes, hypotheses, or research questions, following the same structure as your results section.
7. You should only mention limitations that are directly relevant to your research objectives and share how much impact they had on achieving the aims of your research.
8. When making suggestions, just state that more studies should be done, not giving concrete ideas for how future work can build on areas that your own research was unable to address.
9. In dissertations and research papers, conclusions tend to be more complex and will also include sections on the significance of the findings and recommendations for future work.
10. Conclusions may be optional in research articles where consolidation of the study and general implications are covered in the Discussion section.
11. Some academic readers will even jump to read the conclusion to help them decide if they should read the whole paper.
12. All studies have limitations; being up front makes your paper seem credible because you show your understanding of what your study can and cannot say.
13. Swales & Feak (2012) stated that one of the challenges in writing conclusion is to find something that is worth saying and reasonably followed from the data.
14. Let pictures do the talking in your conclusion — if you have made good use of tables and figures you’ll only need to describe general trends.
15. You only need to direct your readers to important information rather than too much details in the Conclusion section.
16. The Conclusion section can be regarded as the summary of the Results and Discussion sections, so, it can be included in the Discussion section.
17. It is acceptable to point out the limitations of your research in the Discussion section and to put forward recommendations for further study.
18. In SCI papers, tentative words are used to express the results that did not appear directly in the experiments.
1. In “Move 4. Refer to Previous Research”, There are two common types of reference to previous research: (compare) of previous research with present research and support of previous research for present research (Swales, 1990).
2. In “Move 7. Make Deductions” writers may make a (general) claim arising from results; however, doing so is discipline-specific and study-design specific.
3. The term ‘discussion’ refers to two types of activity: a) considering both sides of an issue, or question before reaching a conclusion; b) considering the results of research and the (imply) of these.
4. The discussion section is where you delve into the meaning, importance, and (relate) of your results.
5. The discussion section should show how your (find) fit with existing knowledge, what new insights they contribute, and what consequences they have for theory or practice.
6. The discussion section is the part of an article where scientists talk about what they found and what it means, where raw data turns into (mean) insights.
7. (limit) aren’t about listing your errors, but about providing an accurate picture of what cannot be concluded from your study.
8. Limitations might be due to your overall research design, specific (method) choices, or unanticipated obstacles that emerged during your research process.
9. Concluding paragraphs of the discussion can explain what research will likely confirm your results or identify knowledge gaps your study left (address).
10. (conclude) usually serve to summarize and bring together the main areas covered in the writing and give a final comment or judgement on this.
11. The development of the alternative tourism market has (significance) increased in recent times, in particular regarding the volunteer and backpacker markets.
12. The species-specific responses were (consist) with earlier observations of root development.
13. These studies did not explore the effect of (different) in light availability at a specific stage on subsequent reproduction.
14. Human populations have increased (consider) in the past 30 years and the buffalo numbers in the north and the far west reflect the changes along the boundaries.
15. Heilmeier and Whale (1986) found that storage in the tap root in the first year was affected by (vary) in light availability during the rosette stage.
16. The variation in light availability during the specific rosette stage affected (produce) traits and plant size at maturity in the second year.
17. We originally (assume) that older workers in fast paced jobs would have poorer performance and more accidents compared with younger workers.
18. The (competent) and experience of the older workers in this specific job may have compensated for their reduced stamina.
19. This study suggests that the (act) to driving situations are not fully determined by the objective facts.
20. It would be (benefit) to replicate this study on larger and different populations.
21. It is inferred that the seed size is associated with the (survive) and fecundity.
22. Human population growth rates on the borders of protected areas in Africa are nearly double the average rural growth, (indicate) that protected areas attract human settlement.
23. It shows a (possible) that the differences in light availability during the specific rosette might significantly affect reproductive traits and plant size at maturity.
24. Hilborn et al. showed that these negative consequences could be mitigated by increases in (force) of wildlife laws by protected area authorities.
25. The data gathered over a longer period of time will allow for a more accurate (represent) of the backpacker market, allowing generalizations to be made.
26. It is suggested in this study that the lexicon is an integral component in the construction of (mean) written text.
1. When writing an academic paper, by citing the sources we can ensure the following qualities of the paper except for ______.
2. Which of the following information cannot be considered as the content of citations?
3. Citation styles differ from each other in terms of formatting the following elements except for the ______.
4. Which of the following items is optional when citing an article from a journal?
5. The following items must be included except for ______ when a book or a monograph is cited.
6. Which of the following names is given by parents or Church at birth in an English-speaking country?
7. In the English name “E. J. Milner-Gulland”, the full stops after “E” and “J” indicate that ______
8. In a single citation, the names of two authors can be listed in the following ways except for ______
9. When citing the title of an article, if there is a subtitle, a ______ or an em dash is used between them.
10. Harvard (author-date) referencing styles exclude ______ and are used in disciplines that place particular emphasis on the currency of information and/or examine the evolution of scholarly schools of thought.
11. Oxford (footnote/endnote) referencing styles are used in disciplines that make heavy use of the following sources excluding ______.
12. Vancouver (numbered sequence) referencing styles exclude ______ and are used in disciplines that cite a high number of studies, in order to let the text be read more easily without long interruptions from a string of in-text parenthetical citations.
13. Which of the following citation styles does not belong to parenthetical citations?
14. Which of the following citation styles does not belong to numerical citations?
15. Which of the following errors belong to the common errors in the “in-text citations”?
16. Which of the following errors belong to the common errors in the “reference list”?
17. The Advantages of Using Endnotes exclude ______.
18. Which of the following footnotes format is used for source citations?
19. A works cited page usually goes with ______ format citations.
20. A reference list usually goes with ______ style citations.
21. A bibliography may be required when using ______ or Turabian format citations. style citations.
1. A citation style is a set of guidelines on how to cite sources in your academic writing.
2. Not all citations appearing in the text need to be present in the References section.
3. When formatting in parenthetical citations, you include identifying details of the source in parentheses in the text — usually the author’s last name and the publication date, plus a page number if relevant.
4. A footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page in a document, used to provide additional information, clarification, or references.
5. To avoid interrupting the continuity of the text, footnote numbers are placed at the end of the sentence, clause, or phrase containing the quoted or paraphrased material.
6. The use of footnotes in most academic writing is now considered a bit outdated and has been replaced by endnotes in all disciplines.
7. Entries in the footnote shall be given in full, and no abbreviation should be used.
8. Endnotes are placed at the end of a research paper and arranged sequentially in relation to where the reference appears in the paper.
9. Endnotes are used for citations in certain styles, or to add extra information that doesn’t fit smoothly into the main text.
10. The endnote number appears after any punctuation, unless the clause ends with an em dash, in which case it appears before it.
11. Each endnote has a unique number; don’t repeat the same number even if you cite the same source more than once.
12. Footnotes and endnotes had better but do not necessarily need to be in the superscript form.
13. The terms references and works cited mean the same thing in academic writing.
14. The entries are not to be numbered in the Reference section.
15. The first line of each entry flushes with the left-hand margin in the Reference section.
16. Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper.
17. The bibliography is alphabetized by authors’ last names.
18. A bibliography requires you to list all sources used during the course of your work, whether you have referred to them specifically in your paper or not.
19. Generally, the subtitles References/Works Cited/ Bibliography will be put at the beginning of the left margin, while occasionally in the center.
20. Some foreign surnames in English are compound surnames, while others have a prefix, such as De, Des, Du, La, Den, etc. Both should be written as a complete surname.
21. Generally, start your list of Endnotes on a new page at the end of your paper.
22. One space between the superscript number and the entry is needed. Do not indent the second and subsequent lines.
23. ‘et al.’ means ‘and others’ and is generally used when a source has too many authors to list in one place.
1. (cite) are a way of giving credit when certain material in your work came from another source.
2. MLA (author-page) (refer) style emphasizes page numbers (or line numbers, sections, or other markers) rather than publication year in parenthetical references.
3. You always need a citation whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize a source to avoid (plagiarize).
4. Among the different citation styles, three basic approaches are typical: (parenthesis) citations, numerical citations, or note citations.
5. When formatting numerical citations, you include a number in brackets or in superscript, which corresponds to an entry in your (number) reference list.
6. Always think (critical) about the information you place in a footnote or endnote.
7. Endnotes are used to add extra information: further examples, (comment) on the sources you cite, or more detailed discussion of ideas you mention in the text.
8. Use endnotes sparingly in APA because APA cautions against adding (necessary) details.
9. Do not (capital) articles, prepositions, or conjunctions in the titles of articles, books, etc, unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: The Art of War.
10. Reference provides evidence to verify the need/rationale of the study, methodology, inferences, and (imply) of the study.
11. References highlight similarities in research and (differ) the author’s ideas from his sources, indirectly acknowledging the author's own contribution to that topic.
12. References chosen by a researcher credit the individual author/s whose work is cited and demonstrate his/her (appreciate) toward cited authors.
13. Each bibliography entry begins with the author’s name and the title of the source, followed by (relate) publication details.
14. “(refer)” are more often employed in the natural sciences, according to the APA (American Psychological Association) style.
15. “Works cited” is used more often in the (human) and Social Sciences using the MLA (Modern Language Association) style.
16. a (biblio-) is an alphabetical list of all materials consulted in preparing your essay whether or not you have actually cited the works.
17. The initial letters of articles, prepositions, and other grammatical words are not usually (capital) if they do not appear at the beginning of the titles or subtitles.
18. when a book is edited, the (abbreviate) form is used. If there are two or more editors, its plural form (Eds.), is employed.
19. The citations are arranged in (alphabet) order according to the first letter of the family name of the author(s) or editor(s).
20. If more than one works by the same author are cited in the same paper, arrange them in (chronology) order, that is, according to the order of their publishing years.
21. The citation with a single author is put in front of the citation (author) by him/her with other authors.
22. While footnotes are put at the bottom of the current page, (end) are put at the end of the paper.
23. The development of the alternative tourism market has significantly increased in recent times, in (particularly) regarding the volunteer and backpacker markets.
24. In addition, our spatial results are (consist) with the trends in the elephant population (Sinclair et al. 2007, 2008).
25. In (contrastive) to similar services in France and Germany, Intercity rolling stock is very rarely idle.